Search EPA databases for known contamination (Envirofacts, CERCLIS, NEPAssist)CriticalCheck EPA's Envirofacts database and NEPAssist mapping tool for Superfund sites, brownfields, toxic releases, and underground storage tanks near the property.
Review the property's historical use for contamination riskCriticalFormer gas stations, dry cleaners, industrial sites, farms, and landfills have higher contamination risk. Historical aerial photos and Sanborn fire insurance maps can reveal past uses.
Determine if a Phase I Environmental Site Assessment (ESA) is neededPhase I ESA ($2,000-$5,000) reviews records and inspects the site for recognized environmental conditions. Lenders often require this for commercial or previously industrial properties.
Budget for Phase II ESA if Phase I identifies potential contaminationPhase II ($5,000-$30,000+) involves soil sampling, groundwater testing, and lab analysis. Required if Phase I identifies recognized environmental conditions.
Check for underground storage tanks (USTs) on or near the propertyUSTs from heating oil or former gas stations can leak, requiring expensive remediation ($10,000-$500,000+). Check your state's UST registry.

Check the National Wetlands Inventory map for wetlands on or adjacent to the propertyCriticalUse the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service National Wetlands Inventory mapper. Wetlands are protected under the Clean Water Act Section 404.
Determine if a wetland delineation is neededIf NWI maps show potential wetlands, a professional wetland delineation ($2,000-$10,000) precisely maps wetland boundaries. Development within wetlands requires Army Corps permits.
Check for streams, rivers, or water bodies subject to riparian buffersMany states and counties require undisturbed buffer zones (25-200 feet) around streams and water bodies. These buffers restrict building.
Review stormwater management requirements for developmentMost jurisdictions require stormwater management plans for new development. Costs can be significant, especially on sites with poor drainage or limited infiltration.

Check the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service IPaC tool for threatened speciesThe Information for Planning and Consultation (IPaC) tool identifies federally listed species in your project area. Presence of listed species can delay or restrict development.
Review state natural heritage program data for state-listed speciesState-listed species may receive protection beyond federal law. Check your state's natural heritage or wildlife agency database.
Determine if a biological survey or habitat assessment is neededIf listed species are known to occur in the area, a biological survey may be required before development permits are issued.

Check for radon risk in your area using EPA radon zone mapsRadon is the second leading cause of lung cancer. Zone 1 areas have the highest risk. Testing ($150-$300) and mitigation ($800-$2,500) are recommended in high-risk zones.
For pre-1978 structures, assess lead paint and asbestos riskCriticalLead paint (pre-1978) and asbestos (common in structures built before 1980) require licensed abatement professionals. Disclosure is required under federal law.
Check proximity to industrial facilities and their emissionsUse EPA's Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) to identify nearby industrial facilities and their chemical releases.

Review USDA soil survey data for the property (Web Soil Survey)Soil type affects septic feasibility, foundation design, drainage, and construction costs. Check the NRCS Web Soil Survey for detailed soil maps.
Check for geologic hazards (landslides, sinkholes, expansive soils)USGS and state geological surveys map areas prone to geologic hazards. These conditions can add significant cost to construction and may affect insurability.
Verify soil suitability if a septic system will be neededPerc tests ($300-$1,000) determine if soil can support a septic system. Poor soils may require engineered systems costing $15,000-$50,000+.

Environmental Review Checklist for Property Buyers