What is a Survey? Zoning Definition

A survey, in the context of real estate and zoning, is a professional measurement of a property that establishes its exact boundaries, area, and the location of physical features such as buildings, fences, driveways, and utilities. Surveys are performed by licensed land surveyors and produce a detailed drawing that serves as an authoritative record of the property's dimensions and features.

There are several types of surveys used in real estate and development. A boundary survey establishes the legal property lines by locating existing monuments and markers. An ALTA/NSPS survey meets national standards required by lenders and title companies for commercial transactions and includes additional details such as easements, encroachments, and zoning setbacks. A topographic survey maps the elevation and contours of the land, which is important for site design and stormwater management.

Surveys play a critical role in zoning compliance. Before issuing a building permit, many municipalities require a survey to verify that proposed construction will meet setback requirements and not encroach on easements or neighboring property. A survey can also reveal encroachments, where a structure crosses a property line, or discrepancies between the legal description and what is visible on the ground.

If you are purchasing property, building a structure, or involved in a boundary dispute, obtaining a current survey is strongly recommended. Surveys from previous transactions may be outdated if changes have been made to the property or surrounding parcels. The cost of a survey varies based on property size, terrain, and the level of detail required, but it is a worthwhile investment to avoid costly legal and construction problems.